Notes 1)Three African Kingdoms Flourish Songhai
- Songhai became an Empire after Mali in mid-1400s
- They controlled trans-Sahara trade
- They build cities, administer laws, and support the arts and education
- sunny Ali, and Askia muhammad was the master, also known as the greatest ruler in the history of Songhai.
Benin
- In the 1400s, Kingdom Benin was ruled around the Niger Delta
- Districts were governed by appointed chiefs
- Oba the ruler of Benin controlled trading and managed the metal-working industries
Kongo
- In West Central Africa, the powerful kingdom, Kongo arose on the lower Zaire River.
- In the late 1400s, Kongo was consisted with small bits of kingdoms
- The people of Kongo, mined iron ore and produced well-wrought tools and weapon.
2) West Africa connects with the wider world - Taesoo
Trade brought
- new goods
- new ideas
- new belief
Sahara high way
- well established trading network spread the Sahara
- the trade route from Middle East Asia, Europe (Islam came to Africa)
- Islam came to Africa through this
Portuguese
- Eurpoean started to know about Africa around 1400s
- Portuguese trader established an outpost on West African coast, located near
the region of Akan, the gold resources
- Portuguese started Sugar plantation with African slaves
- they also imported slaves
3) West African Culture
"Family and government"
-Small villages of people.
-Family is based on lineage.
-Age carries rank within a family, and the oldest in a family represents the family.
-Families are all consulted in the government.
"Religion"
-Very religious people often can become political leaders.
-There are rituals based on farming, hunting, and so on.
-People believe that nature is filled with spirits and lesser gods, though there is a single creator
-Later, there is conflict between their original religion and Christianity and Islam
"Livelihood"
-People live off of farming, hunting, herding, fishing, mining, and trading
-There is collective ownership of land. People can use an area for a time, but once they stop using it, the land becomes everyone's land again.
-Rivers are very important in the dry savanna
"Use of slave labor"
-Tasks are divided by age and social status
-The lowest rung of the social system consists of slaves
-However, slaves are not born into slavery, and can get out of slavery. Slavery is not based on race.
-Slavery wasn't the first concern of the Portuguese
Description of the natural environment Raymond lee
West Africa had disastrous environment. Sahara desert was located at the north of their land. Most of the land of Africa was savanna, which means it is not suitable to grow foods. Fortunately, Africa owned gold fields in many places. Many kingdoms trade good to Europeans, and gained power to conquer Africa. Most Africans maintained their life through herding, hunting, fishing, rmining and trading. In some part of Africa, there were people who farmed.
Description of the built environment
The built environment of West Africa mostly consisted of small villages, kingdoms, and trade routes. Most of the human-made environment is also set near water sources such as rivers and coasts. Small villages make up most of the living areas, with the exception of some fortified cities within the provinces of kingdoms. Several trade routes also stretch across the West African coast and the inland areas.
Constraints afforded by location - Richard
- lack of water (desert)
- weather
- isolation by land
Opportunities afforded by location - Taesoo
- metals (including golds)
- coast (geographically)
- Human resources
- forest
- fish
- land
- animals
Similarities and differences to Native American societies around 1492 - Jason
- Lived in small villages and towns
- Social order consisted of nobles and slaves
- Kinship was respected, along with ancestral reverence
- Societies were introduced to one another by trade
- Native Americans passed historical information by orally speaking
Similarities and differences to European societies around 1492 - Jason
- West Africans and Europeans believed in a 'Supreme Being'
- Lived in small villages
- Trade was very important
- Europeans had written documentation of history
- Explored their surroundings, going to different lands for trade
- Crusaded Christianity
- West Africans believed largely in Islamic faith
Unit 1 Section 1- Peopling the Americas: Patterns of Migration
Why did the “First Americans” (Native Americans) come to America?
The Native Americans first came to America simply because they could. Glaciers had lowered sea levels, which revealed a land route into America from Asia. People went across the land route, called Beringia, while hunting and gathering, and then settled down into the area when the water level went back up, preventing them from getting back to Asia. There was no particular reason other than hunting and gathering.
Unit 1 Section 2 - North American Societies around 1492 2. How did the environment of North America affect native culture? The environment of North America was very diverse, and so there is a diverse assortment of different Native American groups. Some areas supported nomadic life well, and so people in those areas took on a nomadic way of life. Other areas supported agriculture, which encouraged the development of farming in for tribes like the Pima and Pueblo tribes. The natural environment also influenced the religious beliefs of the Native Americans in general. Nearly all Native Americans believed that nature was filled with spirits, a belief probably influenced by nature. The large amount of land available might have also contributed to the belief that land was not something to be traded. That is how the environment of North America affected native culture. Unit 1 Section 3 - West African Societies around 1492
3.How did the environment in West Africa affect native culture? The environment of West Africa affected native culture in several ways. The lack of water in some areas led to people centering their lives around water sources, and the access to these water sources led to trade with other people. Water sources like rivers also supported farming, which was an integral part of the native culture. The two uninhabited islands that the Portuguese found were perfect for growing sugarcane also affected the natives, as this is arguably what made slavery a popular idea. The abundance of natural resources like metal and wood also influenced sculptures, and other art, and the way that they traded. The natural environment also might have affected their religious beliefs, which consisted of spirits, much like the Native Americans. Those are several ways in which the environment of West Africa affected native culture.
4. What were the influences that encouraged Europeans to seek new lands and new opportunities in new environments? After the crusades, European people were aware of new countries in Asia. Before the war, the route to Asia was forbidden by the Church, but the Pope's power decreased because of the crusades. Monarchs, who became stronger by noble's power loss, needs money so that started to find the new trade routes. However, European encountered horrible disease few years later. The actual expansion to new land and environment was occurred after European started to recover from the damage cause by the disease.
Unit 1 Section 5 - Transatlantic Encounters 5. What was the impact of interactions between the peoples of Africa, and Europe with peoples in America? Through Sahara high way, the trade route spread out entire Sahara desert, European people started to know about Africa continent. Portuguese traders came to Africa earlier than other countries in Europe, and build 2 outpost in west african coast and traded with them. However, Portuguese later on started sugar plantation, which required plenty of human labor power, and they fulfilled the stipulation by using African as slaves and making them to work. Portuguese also started to trade slaves. European in north America were one group of buying slaves. So native american encountered new people, new food, and new living style, which didn't effected them in positive way.
Summary of our work with “Place and Space” 6. What was the relationship of Africans to their natural and human environment in 1492? native west african's life was primitive, unindustrialized, and reliable on what they got from the nature. Most of groups followed the rule of collective ownership of land. Individuals might farm the land, but it reverted to family or village ownership when not in use. West Africans believed that nature was filled with spirits and perceived spiritual forces in both living and non-living objects. They also believed that the spirits of ancestors spoke to the village elders in dreams.
7. What was the relationship of the North Americans to their natural and built environments in 1492? 8. What was the relationship of the Europeans to their natural and built environments in 1492? 9. Identify and list, 1 local issue, 1 regional issue, and 1 global issue that affected each continent in the transatlantic encounter between Africa, America, and Europe. a. Africa i. Local issue: Europeans started to take their land and resources. Europeans enslaved Africans for human work force. Europeans explored their land. ii. Regional: African families were made of lineage, but those lineage destroyed because of European slave traders. iii. Global: slaves worked in Europe for Europeans good b. America i. Local issue: They trade with the traders ii. Regional issue: there were no big issue iii. Global: their land was in threat because Europeans found new land as they found Africa before c. Europe i. Local issue: decline of church power. Time of renaissance rose ii. Regional issue: Declination of church power and appearance of Protestantism is quite huge thing. Growth of population and commerce changed the political power of Europe iii. Global: European ruled huge part of nation, also reform of society and political power influenced colonies around the world. 10. Explain how the transatlantic encounter between the peoples of Africa, America, and Europe was influenced by the place and environment of each. a. As Europeans transatlantic encounter changed life of African and the American. Africans lost their freedom and resources they had used before the Europeans came to their continent. To Americans, there was no much negative effect. Since continent America is too far, Europeans didn’t send their people to conquer that continent. Americans could trade with Europeans, and could keep good relationship with Europeans could earn money and human resource from America and Africa at the end.
<!--[if gte mso 10]> 1. What was the relationship of the North Americans to their natural and built environments in 1492? People in North America, Kwakiuh, made totems to represent wealth, and status. They were usually nomadic. And people who lived in southwest made their house multistory made of adobe and stones. And they usually built their houses near the water line or coastline. 2. What was the relationship of the Europeans to their natural and built environments in 1492? Europeans in 1492, were usually life centered around the nuclear family, the households usually made up of a mother and father and their children.
1)Three African Kingdoms Flourish
Songhai
- Songhai became an Empire after Mali in mid-1400s
- They controlled trans-Sahara trade
- They build cities, administer laws, and support the arts and education
- sunny Ali, and Askia muhammad was the master, also known as the greatest ruler in the history of Songhai.
Benin
- In the 1400s, Kingdom Benin was ruled around the Niger Delta
- Districts were governed by appointed chiefs
- Oba the ruler of Benin controlled trading and managed the metal-working industries
Kongo
- In West Central Africa, the powerful kingdom, Kongo arose on the lower Zaire River.
- In the late 1400s, Kongo was consisted with small bits of kingdoms
- The people of Kongo, mined iron ore and produced well-wrought tools and weapon.
2) West Africa connects with the wider world - Taesoo
Trade brought
- new goods
- new ideas
- new belief
Sahara high way
- well established trading network spread the Sahara
- the trade route from Middle East Asia, Europe (Islam came to Africa)
- Islam came to Africa through this
Portuguese
- Eurpoean started to know about Africa around 1400s
- Portuguese trader established an outpost on West African coast, located near
the region of Akan, the gold resources
- Portuguese started Sugar plantation with African slaves
- they also imported slaves
3) West African Culture
"Family and government"
-Small villages of people.
-Family is based on lineage.
-Age carries rank within a family, and the oldest in a family represents the family.
-Families are all consulted in the government.
"Religion"
-Very religious people often can become political leaders.
-There are rituals based on farming, hunting, and so on.
-People believe that nature is filled with spirits and lesser gods, though there is a single creator
-Later, there is conflict between their original religion and Christianity and Islam
"Livelihood"
-People live off of farming, hunting, herding, fishing, mining, and trading
-There is collective ownership of land. People can use an area for a time, but once they stop using it, the land becomes everyone's land again.
-Rivers are very important in the dry savanna
"Use of slave labor"
-Tasks are divided by age and social status
-The lowest rung of the social system consists of slaves
-However, slaves are not born into slavery, and can get out of slavery. Slavery is not based on race.
-Slavery wasn't the first concern of the Portuguese
Description of the natural environment Raymond lee
West Africa had disastrous environment. Sahara desert was located at the north of their land. Most of the land of Africa was savanna, which means it is not suitable to grow foods. Fortunately, Africa owned gold fields in many places. Many kingdoms trade good to Europeans, and gained power to conquer Africa. Most Africans maintained their life through herding, hunting, fishing, rmining and trading. In some part of Africa, there were people who farmed.
Description of the built environment
The built environment of West Africa mostly consisted of small villages, kingdoms, and trade routes. Most of the human-made environment is also set near water sources such as rivers and coasts. Small villages make up most of the living areas, with the exception of some fortified cities within the provinces of kingdoms. Several trade routes also stretch across the West African coast and the inland areas.
Constraints afforded by location - Richard
- lack of water (desert)
- weather
- isolation by land
Opportunities afforded by location - Taesoo
- metals (including golds)
- coast (geographically)
- Human resources
- forest
- fish
- land
- animals
Similarities and differences to Native American societies around 1492 - Jason
- Lived in small villages and towns
- Social order consisted of nobles and slaves
- Kinship was respected, along with ancestral reverence
- Societies were introduced to one another by trade
- Native Americans passed historical information by orally speaking
Similarities and differences to European societies around 1492 - Jason
- West Africans and Europeans believed in a 'Supreme Being'
- Lived in small villages
- Trade was very important
- Europeans had written documentation of history
- Explored their surroundings, going to different lands for trade
- Crusaded Christianity
- West Africans believed largely in Islamic faith
Unit 1 Section 1- Peopling the Americas: Patterns of Migration
- Why did the “First Americans” (Native Americans) come to America?
The Native Americans first came to America simply because they could. Glaciers had lowered sea levels, which revealed a land route into America from Asia. People went across the land route, called Beringia, while hunting and gathering, and then settled down into the area when the water level went back up, preventing them from getting back to Asia. There was no particular reason other than hunting and gathering.Unit 1 Section 2 - North American Societies around 1492
2. How did the environment of North America affect native culture?
The environment of North America was very diverse, and so there is a diverse assortment of different Native American groups. Some areas supported nomadic life well, and so people in those areas took on a nomadic way of life. Other areas supported agriculture, which encouraged the development of farming in for tribes like the Pima and Pueblo tribes. The natural environment also influenced the religious beliefs of the Native Americans in general. Nearly all Native Americans believed that nature was filled with spirits, a belief probably influenced by nature. The large amount of land available might have also contributed to the belief that land was not something to be traded. That is how the environment of North America affected native culture.
Unit 1 Section 3 - West African Societies around 1492
3.How did the environment in West Africa affect native culture?
The environment of West Africa affected native culture in several ways. The lack of water in some areas led to people centering their lives around water sources, and the access to these water sources led to trade with other people. Water sources like rivers also supported farming, which was an integral part of the native culture. The two uninhabited islands that the Portuguese found were perfect for growing sugarcane also affected the natives, as this is arguably what made slavery a popular idea. The abundance of natural resources like metal and wood also influenced sculptures, and other art, and the way that they traded. The natural environment also might have affected their religious beliefs, which consisted of spirits, much like the Native Americans. Those are several ways in which the environment of West Africa affected native culture.
4. What were the influences that encouraged Europeans to seek new lands and new opportunities in new environments?
After the crusades, European people were aware of new countries in Asia. Before the war, the route to Asia was forbidden by the Church, but the Pope's power decreased because of the crusades. Monarchs, who became stronger by noble's power loss, needs money so that started to find the new trade routes. However, European encountered horrible disease few years later. The actual expansion to new land and environment was occurred after European started to recover from the damage cause by the disease.
Unit 1 Section 5 - Transatlantic Encounters
5. What was the impact of interactions between the peoples of Africa, and Europe with peoples in America?
Through Sahara high way, the trade route spread out entire Sahara desert, European people started to know about Africa continent. Portuguese traders came to Africa earlier than other countries in Europe, and build 2 outpost in west african coast and traded with them. However, Portuguese later on started sugar plantation, which required plenty of human labor power, and they fulfilled the stipulation by using African as slaves and making them to work. Portuguese also started to trade slaves. European in north America were one group of buying slaves. So native american encountered new people, new food, and new living style, which didn't effected them in positive way.
Summary of our work with “Place and Space”
6. What was the relationship of Africans to their natural and human environment in 1492?
native west african's life was primitive, unindustrialized, and reliable on what they got from the nature. Most of groups followed the rule of collective ownership of land. Individuals might farm the land, but it reverted to family or village ownership when not in use. West Africans believed that nature was filled with spirits and perceived spiritual forces in both living and non-living objects. They also believed that the spirits of ancestors spoke to the village elders in dreams.
7. What was the relationship of the North Americans to their natural and built environments in 1492?
8. What was the relationship of the Europeans to their natural and built environments in 1492?
9. Identify and list, 1 local issue, 1 regional issue, and 1 global issue that affected each continent in the transatlantic encounter between Africa, America, and Europe.
a. Africa
i. Local issue: Europeans started to take their land and resources. Europeans enslaved Africans for human work force. Europeans explored their land.
ii. Regional: African families were made of lineage, but those lineage destroyed because of European slave traders.
iii. Global: slaves worked in Europe for Europeans good
b. America
i. Local issue: They trade with the traders
ii. Regional issue: there were no big issue
iii. Global: their land was in threat because Europeans found new land as they found Africa before
c. Europe
i. Local issue: decline of church power. Time of renaissance rose
ii. Regional issue: Declination of church power and appearance of Protestantism is quite huge thing. Growth of population and commerce changed the political power of Europe
iii. Global: European ruled huge part of nation, also reform of society and political power influenced colonies around the world.
10. Explain how the transatlantic encounter between the peoples of Africa, America, and Europe was influenced by the place and environment of each.
a. As Europeans transatlantic encounter changed life of African and the American. Africans lost their freedom and resources they had used before the Europeans came to their continent. To Americans, there was no much negative effect. Since continent America is too far, Europeans didn’t send their people to conquer that continent. Americans could trade with Europeans, and could keep good relationship with Europeans could earn money and human resource from America and Africa at the end.
<!--[if gte mso 10]>
1. What was the relationship of the North Americans to their natural and built environments in 1492?
People in North America, Kwakiuh, made totems to represent wealth, and status. They were usually nomadic. And people who lived in southwest made their house multistory made of adobe and stones. And they usually built their houses near the water line or coastline.
2.
What was the relationship of the Europeans to their natural and built environments in 1492?
Europeans in 1492, were usually life centered around the nuclear family, the households usually made up of a mother and father and their children.